2012年8月31日 星期五

3 Tips to use Google Translate wisely


1. Sanity checks
If you don’t know the language you are translating into (e.g. Chinese), you should use it with extreme cautious. Don’t let Google Translate make you look like a fool. At a minimum, use Google Translate to perform a sanity check on itself.
What is a “sanity check“? Well, if you want to translate English to Chinese (or any language you don’t know), at least use Google Translate to translate the text right back to you.
Real sample English text from CBC News, Sept 4, 2011 report Tropical storm Lee sparks fresh flood warnings“,
“U.S. forecasters are warning a lumbering tropical storm Lee could bring floods and tornadoes to more south and central-eastern states as it moves northward Sunday after saturating the Gulf coastline.”
Translation from Google Translate to Chinese,
“美國預報員警告的伐木熱帶風暴可能帶來的洪水和李龍捲風更南部和中東部國家,因為它向北移動星期日飽和後海灣海岸線。”
Sanity check is using Google Translate to translate the above Chinese to English. You see I added emphasis for the potentially problematic areas.
“The U.S. forecasters warned the storm could bring tropical logging floods and tornadoes Lee in more southern and eastern countries, as it moved north after the Gulf coast on Sunday saturated.”
Observation: The Chinese translation is actually quite confusing, much more confusing that the sanity check is showing.
Here is a “work around” that is not a guarantee “solution” but better than nothing. Use short sentences. Change your English words so that the sanity check won’t give you garbage.


2. Pronunciation
I love Google Translate‘s Chinese pronunciation. It just sound great. I wonder how good is Google Translate‘s pronunciations in other languages? Please add comments to this post if you speak other languages fluently and can judge Google Translate‘s pronunciations as a native speakers of those languages.


3. Google Translate is NOT your magic bullet
To me, the purpose of language is to communicate so I try my best to avoid miscommunication. I started writing this post because I’ve noticed some Chinese Google+ users using Chinese in their comments to English posts.
I think those commenters may be assuming their non-Chinese readers can simply use Google Translate to help understand the meaning of their words. Take the following Sept 1st, 2011 comment in this post for example,
“睡不着,還能hangout,也算失之東隅 吧?”
Here is the English translation using Google Translate,
“Can not sleep, can hangout, also considered is neglected, right?”
People may be able to guess what the author means. But the words “also considered is neglected” are annoying because you can’t be sure exactly what the commenter really meant. You see, what the Chinese commenter means is roughly,
“Can’t sleep but I can still hangout, not bad right?”
The commenter used the words “失之東隅” which is a Chinese proverb. I don’t think I will use Chinese proverb if I were the commenter. You see, isn’t it the point of leaving a comment so that other people, including author of the post, can understand what you try to say?


4. Closing comments
To me, I see clear and clean communication as the reason for languages. I use and love Google Translate as a tool. But it is a tool, at its current capability as of Sep 2011, it is a still a very young, immature, and not that reliable tool. It cannot be trusted blindly.
One final sanity check example to remind us why Google Translate can’t and shouldn’t be trusted blindly using the first sentence of this article.
“I’ve translated three TV series, 72 episodes, about 130,000 words form English to Chinese (both spoken and written).”
Translation from Google Translate to Chinese,
“我翻譯的三個電視系列,72集,約 13萬字英文的形式向中國(包括口頭和書面)。”
Google Translate - pix 01
Translation from Google Translate back to English,
“I translated three television series, 72 sets, about 13 million words in English in the form of the Chinese (including verbal and written).”
Google Translate - pix 02
Do you notice one glaring problem? How did 130,000 words become 13 million words? The stupid thing is that “13萬” is actually 130,00, totally correct! But turning “13萬” into “13 million” is just total rubbish!

2012年8月28日 星期二

常見的翻譯方法


常見的翻譯方法


一、長句翻譯

The breakthrough came when scientists mixed together cells from very early stage monkey embryos when they are able to give rise to a whole animal as well as the placenta and other life-sustaining tissues.

我們先句子分析如下:

1The breakthrough came when…科學家取得了突破
2scientists mixed cells together (科學家將細胞混合)
3cells are from very early stage monkey embryos細胞取自於猴類級早期的胚胎
4Scientists mixed cells together when they are able to give rise to a whole animal as
well as the placenta and other life-sustaining tissues.(在細胞可以形成完整的生命,胎盤以及其他維持生命的組織的時候,科學家將這些細胞混合)


如果搞懂之間的描述對像後,再重新描述一次
建議改寫如下:

科學家運用混合取自於猴類早期胚胎的細胞取得了重大突破。混合的過程中,
發生當細胞能夠形成完整的生命、胎盤以及其化維持生命的組織的時候。



二、比喻的翻譯

Kids are germ factories and bacteria magnets, putting grubby toys in their mouths or sharing
snot with their pals, so there’s no wonder parents are panicking.
一般翻譯如下:

兒童是細菌工和磁鐵,他們把不乾淨的玩具放進嘴裡,與同伴分享不乾潔的東西。難怪家長會十分緊張。

句子分析:

同理,中文裡頭,一般不會將兒童形容為工廠和磁鐵,因此採用直譯的方式很怪,不合生活邏輯。
再想一下描述的東西與比喻的東西之間的關聯,就會發現factories 意指製造某物magnets意為吸引某物 了解之間的關聯後,重新整理句子

建議改寫如下:

兒童易滋生並感染細菌,他們總是把髒兮兮的玩具放進嘴裡或是從同伴那沾到髒東西,難怪家長會非常緊張。



三、選擇合適的單字意思

Assessments of what is likely to produce interesting or useful knowledge are
inevitably alloyed with the desires of those who control the money to develop
particular forms of knowledge.

評估什麼是可能產生有趣或有用的知識不可避免地控制貨幣發展與人的願望合金特定形式的知識。合金結合與其他的質量或屬性。


句子分析如下:

Alloy with 用法
She alloyed her courage with a helping of wisdom. Her courage has been alloyed with wisdom.

Assessments of what is likely to produce interesting or useful knowledge
可能產生的興趣或有用知識的評量

在這裡Assessments因為後面接of what翻成什麼的估價似乎也不合邏輯,
基本上是要先翻形容主詞的粗體字翻完再接Assessments改成評量會比較適當些
alloy with 的選詞要考慮到句中與之所搭配的名詞desire, 要選取中文中可以與欲望想搭配的詞。 摻雜慾望是一個不錯的詞。

建議改寫如下:

在慾望摻雜情況下控制金錢而發展獨特的知識結構,會產生可能的興趣或有用知識的評量是必然的。


2012年8月21日 星期二

Six translation tips for travel

A lavish suite on the Vegas strip. A private bungalow in Bora Bora. A luxurious lodge amid the Alps.
Wherever your global destination resides, being a professional in the travel and hospitality industry isn’t all that bad.
Sure, you may not get all the amenities that your guests do – but getting to communicate your company’s perks with those interested in some vacation time is pretty exciting.
Yet throw in translations – and that’s where your job can get frustrating.
Between the constant changes in your company’s content and the global scale of your target audience, translating your company’s materials can be both time consuming and costly – especially when you consider that consumer satisfaction is so dependent upon the quality of your translations.

We work with a lot of travel, leisure and hospitality companies that face these same complexities. So to offer some hospitality of our own, here are six translation tips that will help ensure your company’s translations are as accommodating as your global services.


·       Attract travelers globally, not just locally
 
While it may feel like the easiest route to take, using an in-house translator or personal acquaintance as a linguist isn’t going to cut it for your out-of-country consumers. Having appropriate target language experience is important, and so is having travel and leisure experience; knowing what messaging resonates best with your out-of-country consumers. The last thing you want your translated content to contain is unfamiliar language or cultural-specific lingo that may confuse your consumers – or worse yet, steer them away from your travel and leisure services.

That’s why it is very important that your language service provider offers linguists who not only know your target language, but also specialize in the art of persuading consumers and communicating the benefits of your hospitality business. This way, they will be much more suitable for providing you with high quality travel, leisure and hospitality focused translations.


·       Make room for your frequent translation updates – no matter how small
 
In a seasonally variable industry like travel and hospitality, it’s almost certain that you’re going to update content frequently – and therefore face translation needs often. Even if these translation needs are minimal, you know they can be time consuming and hard to allocate resources for. Simply not translating them isn’t an option though – otherwise you run the risk of misinforming, or even missing out on, foreign guests.

Small, frequent travel translation updates don’t have to be such a hassle, though. By leveraging a translation memory system from your language service provider you can significantly reduce the costs associated with translating duplicate or similar content. Leveraging a translation memory can also help speed up the translation process – so you don’t have to worry about small projects taking up so much time to be completed.

If you’re currently using translation memory software, but you still feel like your travel translation process needs to run faster, language service providers like Sajan can also offer integrated machine translation – which pairs a trained travel and hospitality translation engine with post-editing linguists to give you quick, reliable travel translations sooner. For more information on how this works, see our blog post Successful machine translations: A peek inside the training process.


·       Book your numerous projects with a translation management system
 
Due to the large global audiences that need to be targeted, travel, leisure and hospitality companies commonly request translations in multiple languages. With multiple languages come multiple files – which can make the travel translation process cumbersome and unsystematic. Add this on top of your already busy work schedule, and things can only get worse.

To make the travel translation process easier and more manageable, language service providers offer translation management systems which centralize your company’s translation projects. With a system like this you can request, submit and inquire about translation projects all in one central location. For a fast-paced industry like yours, translation management systems are a hassle-free solution to a disorganized process.


·       Don’t let poor user functionality make your destination less desirable
 
Customer satisfaction is a very important part of retaining your consumers and advertising to new prospects. If a customer is not impressed with your translated materials or frustrated with your localized website, they are likely to share negative reviews with friends and other prospects – or even abandon your webpage for a competitor’s.

To avoid negative backlash and inadequate travel translations, make sure your translation provider integrates formal quality assurances measures into the entire translation process in order to identify, address and eliminate quality concerns throughout all stages of translation. Your language service provider also needs to implement a final approval step to ensure you are never provided with travel translations that are not up to your business’s standards. To learn more about the quality-ensuring processes that you should expect from your translation provider, see our previous blog series: 10 crucial ways to ensure high quality translations.


·       Discover travel translation expertise in all content types
 
The travel, leisure and hospitality industry requires many outlets for translation. To attract new customers you have to have a well-translated website and e-commerce software. To retain and serve consumers, you’re also expected to translate maps, signage, announcements, newsletters and other forms of communication.

With robust travel translation needs like this, it’s more practical to have a language service provider who can handle numerous translation requests effectively.  Larger, more scalable language service providers can offer a lineup of linguistic professionals who each specialize in online communications, written communications, training materials, software localization or other travel translation specialties that you may need in order to keep your company 
competitive in such a fast-paced industry. Similarly, if you are already working with multiple translation vendors, language service providers like Sajan can offer managed services, which help manage your translation workload in full, or in part. Check out our Managed Services and Content Specialties webpages to learn more about these offerings.

Don’t let translations put a damper on your guest’s vacation getaway. Remember these six tips and you’ll have travel, leisure and hospitality translations to help you roll out the welcoming mat.


Are you responsible for requesting translations at your travel, leisure or hospitality organization? If so, what are some management tips you wish to share with other professionals in your position?


2012年8月18日 星期六

Quotes(一)

 

Nothing is more terrible than ignorance in action.
最可怕的事莫過于行動中的無知。-Desiderius Eramus(荷蘭人文主義者伊拉莫斯)

Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. ---george santayana
無法從過去學習經驗的人,註定要重蹈覆轍

Experience is what you get when you don't get what you want.
經驗是當你沒得到想得到之物時所得到的東西。-Dan Stanfort(美國實業家斯坦福)

The first wealth is health.
健康是人生第一財富。-Ralph Waldo Emerson

Smooth runs the water where the brook is deep.
靜水流深。-Shakespeare(莎士比亞)

Adversity reveals genius; fortune conceals it. 苦難顯才華,好運隱天資。
-Horace(古羅馬詩人賀拉斯)

Treat other people as you hope they will treat you.
你希望別人如何對待你,你就如何對待別人。-Aesop(古希臘寓言家伊索)

A contented mind is the greatest blessing a man can enjoy in this world.
知足是人生在世最大的幸事。-Joseph Addison(美國作家艾迪生)

Imagination is more important than knowledge.
想象力比知識更重要。-Albert Einstein(美國科學家愛因斯坦)

Follow your own course, and let people talk.
走自己的路,讓人家去說吧。 -Alghieri Dante(意大利詩人但丁)


Every person has two education, one which he receives from others, and one, more important, which he gives himself.
每個人都受兩種教育,一種來自別人,另一種更重要的是來自自己。 -Edward Gibbon
(英國曆史學家吉朋)

You can lead a man up to the university, but you can't make him think.
你可以把一個人領進大學,但你卻無法使他思考。-Finley Peter Dunne(美國作家鄧恩)


When a dog bites a man that is not news, but when a man bites a dog that is news.
狗咬人不是新聞,人咬狗才是新聞。 -Charles A. Dana(美國記者達納)


Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds to be.
對于大多數人來說,他們認定自己有多幸福,就有多幸福。-Abraham Lincoln
(美國總統林肯)


Birth is nothing where virtue is not.
品德不好,出生再好也無用。 -Moliere(法國劇作家莫裏哀










2012年8月16日 星期四

如何利用英文自傳推銷自己(轉)



找工作時,有些公司會要求英文自傳。有趣的是,你若沒有一定的年紀和閱歷,能寫的東西不多,這大概說明自傳內容千篇一率是關於家人、求學、工作。若你是用人主管,類似的內容,又是英文,你能看幾篇?現在可以知道它的重要性了吧!
但,還是得寫,總會有人看。要寫的讓人想閱讀,首先,把自傳想成「自我介紹」,自己決定公開哪些資訊,但這些資訊最好和下面這幾類有關:

  • 人格特質
  • 學校生活 (工作三年以上,可略過此項,除非你第一份工作是由實習而來)
  • 工作經歷
  • 興趣嗜好
  • 職涯規劃
長度不超過一頁情況下,自己挑選其中幾個類別,每一類自成一段,但人格特質工作經歷最好擺進去,因為這兩類直接說明你的工作態度好用的地方。我先示範一般人對於家人的描述方式和它的問題點。



傳統寫法:

My name is Woody Yu. I live in a small family. There are four people in the family: my father, my mother, my sister and myself. I just graduated from college and my sister is still a high school student. My father owns a business in mainland China. He comes back once every two months, or sometimes longer than that. When he comes home, he does not talk much because he worries the bad economy may damage his business. My mother is a college professor. She likes her job but often complains about the low pay….

雖然文法沒瑕疵,但這樣寫幾乎毫無意義,你會對這樣的背景感興趣或留下深刻印象嗎?看完三篇類似的內容之後?
下面的改寫,示範如何利用你的成長環境或家人,帶出你的做人處世態度和特質



建議改寫:
I grew up in a middle-income family where hard work is valued. My father is a businessman and my mother is a college professor. They struggled most of their lives to raise me and my sister. They are warm and kind but strict with us. They pay attention to our education because they want us to be as successful as they are. My mother has the greatest influence on me. She taught me to be serious with work and competitive in what I do. Because of her, I have developed a hardworking attitude and outgoing personality. These positive attributes of mine have later proven helpful at school, at work, and in anything I pursue.

劃線部份和粗體字說明你是什麼樣個性的人,具備哪些特質。這樣寫容易讓讀者將你和公司文化產生聯想,這就是我們的目的,不是嗎?
在不景氣的時候跳巢或找工作,你要能強力推銷自己耐磨、耐操、好用,又有一堆好處,做到的話,你的面試機會自然多,而自傳是推銷自己的最好機會,別錯過囉。

2012年8月11日 星期六

英翻中的八大翻譯技巧




要真正掌握英文翻譯的技巧並非易事。這是因為英譯漢時會遇到各種各樣的困難;

首先是英文理解難,這是學習、使用英文的人的共同感覺,由於兩國歷史、文化、風俗習慣的不同,所以一句英文在英美人看來順理成章,而在中國人看來卻是顛顛倒倒、斷斷續續,極為彆扭。

二是中文表達難,英譯漢有時為了要找到一個合適的對等詞彙,往往被弄得頭昏眼花,好像在腦子裡摸一個急於要開箱子的鑰匙,卻沒有。

另外,英譯漢時對掌握各種文化知識的要求很高,因為我們所翻譯的文章,其內容可能涉及到極為廣博的知識領域,而這些知識領域多半是我們不大熟悉的外國的事情,如果不具備相應的文化知識難免不出現一些翻譯中的差錯或笑話。

正是因為英譯漢時會遇到這麼多的困難,所以,我們必須通過翻譯實踐,對英漢兩種不同語言的特點加以對比、概況和總結,以找出一般的表達規律來,避免出現一些不該出現的翻譯錯誤,而這些表達的規律就是我們所說的翻譯技巧。


一、詞義的選擇和引伸技巧


英 漢兩種語言都有一詞多類和一詞多義的現象。一詞多類就是指一個詞往往屬於幾個詞類,具有幾個不同的意義;一詞多義就是同一個詞在同一詞類中又往往有幾個不 同的詞義。在英譯漢的過程中,我們在弄清原句結構後,就要善於運用選擇和確定原句中關鍵詞詞義的技巧,以使所譯語句自然流暢,完全符合漢語習慣的說法;選 擇確定詞義通常可以從兩方面著手:

1、根據詞在句中的詞類來選擇和確定詞義

They are as like as two peas .他們相似極了。 (形容詞)

He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜歡數學甚於喜歡物理。 (動詞)

Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麥、燕麥等等皆係穀類。 (名詞)


2、根據上下文聯繫以及詞在句中的搭配關係來選擇和確定詞義。

He is the last man to come .他是最後來的。

He is the last person for such a job .他最不配幹這個工作。

He should be the last man to blame.怎麼也不該怪他。

This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎麼也沒料到會在這個地方見到你。

詞 義引伸是我們英譯漢時常用的技巧之一。翻譯時,有時會遇到某些詞在英語辭典上找不到適當的詞義,如果任意硬套或逐詞死譯,就會使譯文生硬晦澀,不能確切表 達原意,甚至會造成誤解。這時就應根據上下文和邏輯關係,從該詞的根本含義出發,進一步加以引伸,引伸時,往往可以從三個方面來加以考慮。


1、詞義轉譯。當我們遇到一些無法直譯或不宜直譯的詞或詞組時,應根據上下文和邏輯關係,引伸轉譯。

The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat .太陽能主要以光和熱的形式傳到地球。

2、詞義具體化。根據漢語的表達習慣,把原文中某些詞義較籠統的詞引伸為詞義較具體的詞。

The last stage went higher and took the Apollo into orbit round the earth.最後一級火箭升得更高,把“阿波羅號”送進圍繞地球運行的軌道。

3、詞義抽象化。根據漢語的表達習慣,把原文中某些詞義較具體的詞引伸為詞義較抽象的詞,或把詞義較形象的詞引伸為詞義較一般的詞。

Every life has its roses and thorns .每個人的生活都有甜有苦。


二、詞類轉譯技巧


在英譯漢過程中,有些句子可以逐詞對譯,有些句子則由於英漢兩種語言的表達方式不同,就不能逐詞對譯,只能將詞類進行轉譯之後,方可使譯文顯得通順、自然;對詞類轉譯技巧的運用須從四個方面加以注意。

1、轉譯成動詞。英語中的某些名詞、介詞、副詞,翻譯時可轉譯成漢語中的動詞。

The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way .

植物沒有專門的排泄系統,可用同樣的方式加以說明。 (名詞轉譯)

As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on .他跑出去時,忘記了穿鞋子。

2、轉譯成名詞。英語中的某些動詞、形容詞,翻譯時可轉換成漢語中的名詞。

The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.

我們居住的地球,形狀像一個大球。 (動詞轉譯)

The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded .

醫生盡了最大的努力來治療病號和傷員。 (形容詞轉換)

3、轉譯成形容詞。英語中有些作表語或賓語的抽象名詞,以及某些形容詞派生的名詞,往往可轉譯成漢語中的形容詞。另外,當英語動詞轉譯成漢語名詞時,原來修飾該動詞的副詞也往往隨之轉譯成漢語中的形容詞。

It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.

使用雷達探測水下目標是沒有用的。 (作表語的名詞轉譯)

The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man .

太陽對人的身體和精神都有極大的影響。 (副詞轉譯)

4、轉譯成副詞。英語中的某些名詞、形容詞,翻譯時可轉譯成漢語中的副詞。

When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor .只要一發現有可能反對他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和風趣將這些人爭取過來。(名詞轉譯)


三、漢譯的增詞技巧


英譯漢時,按意義上、修辭上或句法上的需要加一些詞,使譯文更加忠實通順地表達原文的思想內容;但是,增加的並不是無中生有,而是要增加原文中雖無其詞卻有其意的一些詞,這是英譯漢中常用的的技巧之一。增詞技巧一般分作兩種情況。

1、根據意義上或修辭上的需要,可增加下列七類詞。

Flowers bloom all over the yard .朵朵鮮花滿院盛開。 (增加表示名詞複數的詞)

After the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor ,he went home tiredly .在參加宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演之後,他疲倦地回到了家裡。 (增加動詞)

He sank down with his face in his hands .他兩手蒙著臉,一屁股坐了下去。 (增加副詞)

I had known two great social systems .那是以前,他就經歷過兩大社會制度。 (增加表達時態的詞)

As for me ,I didn’t agree from the very beginning .我呢,從一開始就不贊成。 (增加語氣助詞)

The article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers ,artificial satellites and rockets .本文總結了電子計算機、人造衛星和火箭這三方面的新成就。 (增加概括詞)

2、根據句法上的需要增補一此詞彙。

Reading makes a full man ;conference a ready man ;writing an exact man.

讀書使人充實,討論使人機智,寫作使人準確.(增補原文句子中所省略的動詞)

All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.

大家都知道地球上的一切物質都肯有重量。 (增補被動句中泛指性的詞)


四、正反、反正漢譯技巧


正反、反正漢譯技巧是指翻譯時突破原文的形式,採用變換語氣的辦法處理詞句,把肯定的譯成否定的,把否定的譯成肯定的。運用這種技巧可以使譯文更加合乎漢語規範或修辭要求,且不失原意。這種技巧可分五個方面加以陳述。

1、肯定譯否定

The above facts insist on the following conclusions .上述事實使人們不能不得出以下結論。

2、否定譯肯定

She won’t go away until you promise to help her .她要等你答應幫助以後才肯走。

3、雙否定譯肯定

There can be no sunshine without shadow有陽光就有陰影。

但是,如果翻譯時保留英語原來的“否定之否定”的形式並不影響中文的流暢時,則應保留的目的還可突出原文中婉轉的語氣。如He is not unequal to the duty .他並非不稱職。

4、正反移位

I don’t think he will come .我認為他不會來了。

5、譯為部分否定

Not all minerals come from mines .並非所有礦物都來自礦山。

Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.不是兩種物質都溶於水。


五、漢譯的重複技巧


重複技巧是英譯漢中的一種必不可少的翻譯技巧。由於英譯漢時往往需要重複原文中的某些詞才能使譯文表達明確具體;又由於英漢語言結構不同,重複的手段和作用也往往不盡相同,大致可分為三種。

1、為了明確

I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.

我曾碰到過,不是氧氣設備了故障,就是引擎出故障,或兩者都出故障(重複名詞)

Under ordinary conditions of pressure ,water becomes ice at C and steam at 100C.

在常壓下,水在攝氏零度時變成冰,在攝氏一百度時變成蒸汽。 (重複動詞)

A locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation has another and the earth get another.

一個地方有一個地方的全局,一個國家有一個國家的全局,一個地球有一個地球的全局(重複謂語部分)

2、為了強調

He wandered along the street ,thinking and thinking brooding and brooding.

他在街頭游來蕩去,想了又想,盤算了又盤算。

3、為了生動

While stars and nebulae look like specks or small patches of light . they are really enormous bodies.

星星和星雲看起來只是斑點點,或者是小片的光,但它們確實是巨大的天體。


六、倒譯技巧


英漢詞句組成和排列的順序千差萬別,因此英譯漢時作些調整,顛倒一下順序,則是一種極為常見的翻譯技巧,這種翻譯技巧共分五種類型。

1、複合句倒譯技巧。複合句倒譯可分為部分倒譯和完全倒譯兩種技巧。

This university 6 newly _established faculties ,namely .Electronic Computer ,High Energy Physics ,Laser ,Geo-physics ,Remote Sensing, and Genetic Engineering.

這所大學現在有電子計算機、高能物理、激光、地球、物理、遙感技術、遺傳工程等六個新建的專業。 (部分倒譯)

Many laws of nature actually exist in nature though they have not yet been discovered.

雖然許多自然規律還沒被發現,但是它們確實在自然界中存在。 (完全倒譯)

2、被動句倒譯的技巧。被動句倒譯時,有時可將被動句倒譯成主動句,有時可將狀語倒譯成主語。

The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it.

雖然我們看不見原子結構,但能準確地描述它。 (被動句倒譯成主動句)

Table tennis is played all over China .中國到處都打乒乓球。 (狀語倒譯成主語)

3、以否定型副詞或條件副詞開頭的句子的部分倒譯技巧。能引起這種倒譯的副詞有no ,never ,hardly ,no longer . in no way ,not until ,not even ,only等。

Never before have I read such an interesting book .我從來沒有讀過這樣有趣的書。

4、帶有介詞短語句子的部分倒譯技巧

These date will be of some value in our research work .

這些資料對於我們的研究工作有些價值。

5、習語的倒譯技巧。習語的倒譯可分為按照漢語的固定順序倒譯和從輕重上加以區分進行倒譯以及逆時間順序進行倒譯三種技巧。

For its last 600 miles the Yellow River flows eastwards through the flat , fertile ,North China Plain ,which is densely populated.

黃河最後的六百英里,向東流過平坦肥沃、人口密集的華北平原。 (按照漢語的固定順序倒譯)

Heal the wounded ,rescue the dying ,practice revolutionary humanitarianism.

救死扶傷,實行革命的人道主義。 (以輕重上區分進行倒譯)

We have to be quick of eye and deft of hand .我們必須眼疾手快。 (逆時間順序倒譯)


七、句子成份的轉譯技巧


英漢兩種語言,由於表達方式不盡相同,在具體英譯漢時,有時往往需要轉換一下句子成分,才能使譯達到邏輯正確、通順流暢、重點突出等目的。句子成分轉譯作為翻譯的一種技巧,其內容和形式都比較豐富,運用範圍也相當廣泛,共包括五個方面的內容。

1、主語轉譯技巧,可以將句子的主語轉譯成漢語中的定語、賓語、狀語等。

The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.

機翼的用途是使飛機在空中保持不墜。 (轉譯成定語)

To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.

為了使火箭各級全部離開地面,需要有一個巨大的第一次推力。 (轉譯成賓語)

Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly.

因為機械的緣故,工廠裡出的產品比起以前來,價格便宜多了。 (轉譯成狀語)

2、謂語轉譯技巧。可以將謂語轉譯成定語。

Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight .雷達的工作原理和手電筒極為相同。

3、賓語轉譯技巧。可以將賓語轉譯成主語。

Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but apper in a varitety of forms.

各種自動車床的作用基本相同,但形式不同

4、定語轉譯技巧。定語可以轉譯成謂語和狀語。

Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.

中子的質量略大於質子的質量。 (轉譯成謂語)

Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,epuipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research.

現在已給該縣科學家提供了必要的圖書、儀器和助手,以保證科研工作的成功。 (轉譯成狀語)

5、狀語轉譯技巧。狀語轉譯一般指的是狀語從句的轉譯。它可分作把時間狀語從句轉譯成條件狀語從句,把地點狀語從轉譯成條件狀語從句和把原因狀語從句轉譯成困果偏正複句中的主語等三種形式。

These three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined ,produced white .

紅色、綠色和紫色這三種顏色如果合在一起就變成白色。 (時間狀語從句轉譯成條件狀語從句)

Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen.

如果光束通道上沒有東西,就什麼也看不到。 (地點狀語從句轉譯成條件狀語從句)

Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.

他深信這件事正確可靠,因此堅持已見。 (原因狀語從句轉譯成因果偏正複合句中的主句)


八、分句、合句漢譯技巧

英 譯漢時,由於兩種語言的句子結構大不相同而往往需要改變一下句子結構以適應於漢語的表達習慣。採用分句、合句進行翻譯的作法正是為了達到這種目的而運用的 一種重要技巧。所謂分句,就是指把原文的一個簡單句譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子;所謂合名,就是指把原文的兩個或兩個以上的簡單句或一個複合句譯成一個單 句。運用這種分句、合句的漢譯技巧可以使譯文層次分明,更合乎於漢語的表達習慣。分句流譯的技巧共分五種類型,合句漢譯的技巧共分三種類型。先談談分句漢 譯技巧的五種類型。


1、主語分句漢譯技巧。

A man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,that a year had passed by already.

一個人如果在月亮上度過了十二天,回到地球以後就會發現一年已經過去了。

2、謂語分句漢譯技巧。

It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.

不言而喻,氧氣是大氣中最活潑的元素。

3、定語分句漢譯技巧

He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.

他居然種出了二百個奇蹟般的西紅柿,每個重達兩磅。

4、狀語分句漢譯技巧

Sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkness and choking the shadows.

陽光射入了它所能透過的地方,趕走了黑暗,驅散了幽影。

5、同位語分句漢譯技巧。

Mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it.

瑪麗平常是個靦腆的姑娘,現在也熱烈地和他們辯論起來。